Essay about Kiumarsi CHY242 W15 Chapter 15

Essay about Kiumarsi CHY242 W15 Chapter 15 Essay about Kiumarsi CHY242 W15 Chapter 15 CHY242 Organic Chemistry II Chapter 15 Infrared Spectroscopy & Mass Spectrometry Amir Kiumarsi  15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy 15.2 IR Spectroscopy 15.3 Signal Characteristics: Wavenumber 15.4 Signal Characteristics: Intensity 15.5 Signal Characteristics: Shape 15.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 15.7 Using IR to Distinguish between Two Compounds 15.8 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry 15.9 Analyzing the (M)+ Peak 15.10 Analyzing the (M+1) + Peak 15.11 Analyzing the (M+2) + Peak 15.12 Analyzing the Fragments Chapter 10/2 15.14 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy Wavelength Frequency Chapter 13/3 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy There are many wavelengths of light that cannot be observed with your eyes. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-4 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy When light interacts with molecules, the effect depends on the wavelength of light used. This chapter focuses on IR spectroscopy. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-5 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e Interaction Electromagnetic Radiation with Molecules Chapter 13/6 Electromagnetic Spectrum Absorption Spectra Chapter 13/7 Electromagnetic Spectrum Absorption Spectra Chapter 13/8 Interaction Electromagnetic Radiation with Molecules p. 503 Infrared Spectroscopy Wavenumber is the reciprocal of wavelength Fig. 13-3, p. 505 Vibration in Organic Molecules Vibration of Water (H2O): youtube.com/watch?v=1uE2lvVkKW0 Vibrations of Molecules: youtube.com/watch?v=3RqEIr8NtMI Chapter 10/11 Â © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 15.2 IR Spectroscopy Molecular bonds can vibrate by stretching or by bending in a number of ways. This chapter will focus mostly on stretching frequencies. Some night vision goggles can detect IR light that is emitted. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-12 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.2 IR Spectroscopy The energy necessary to cause vibration depends on the type of bond. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-13 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.2 IR Spectroscopy In the IR spectrum: % transmittance Wavenumber Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-14 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.2 IR Spectroscopy IR spectrum characteristics WAVENUMBER INTENSITY Strong, Moderate, weak SHAPE Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-15 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber The WAVENUMBER for a stretching vibration depends on the bond strength and the mass of the atoms: bonded together Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-16 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Rationalize the trends below using the wavenumber formula: 1. 2. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-17 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber The wavenumber formula and empirical observations allow us to designate regions as representing specific types of bonds. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-18 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber region above 1500 cm-1 is called the diagnostic region. The region below 1500 cm-1 is called the fingerprint region. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-19 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Analyze the diagnostic and fingerprint regions below. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-20 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Analyze the diagnostic and fingerprint regions below. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-21 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Compare the IR spectra. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-22 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Compare the IR stretching wavenumbers below. Are the differences due to mass or bond strength? Which bond is strongest, and WHY? Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-23 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e

Leadership in Quality Management

Leadership in Quality Management Leadership is mandatory for all organizations. It determines whether a company or an organization succeeds in achieving its goals and objectives or it fails in doing so. In fact, the quality of leadership that is practiced in an organization defines and differentiates successful organizations from unsuccessful ones.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leadership in Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that effective leadership is essential for the success of any organization. Therefore, leadership in total quality management is defined and characterized by the fundamental instructions of the gurus based on organisational leadership (Winder Draeger, 2006). Quality leadership is ethical, focused on people, creates an awareness of social responsibility, and puts emphasis on the quality of employees’ working conditions. Without good leadership and management structures, an organis ation is likely to fall into a leadership crisis, either because of low confidence levels in the leaders or lack of trust in the workers/employees (Luria, 2008). Therefore, integrity and public confidence in business leaders is crucial for quality leadership to prevail in an organisation. This essay discusses leadership in quality management, detailing the relationship between leadership and quality. Leadership and Quality Many scholars have written about the importance of leadership as an important part of quality management. Quality leadership includes management commitment, and it prescribes strategies to achieve quality management within organizations. Therefore, organisations or individuals who intend to practice quality leadership must first begin by taking a careful examination of the organisational culture and the leadership capacity at stake. In the current business and political world, quality is the foundation for continual management, innovation, creativity, and leadersh ip (Feigenbaum, 2007). To attain quality leadership, the top management of an organisation must take the responsibility of the quality initiative (Winder Draeger, 2006). Ideally, leadership and quality management are closely intertwined such that integrity leadership leads to quality management. Thus, quality leadership is the foundation for frequent management innovation and creativity in many organizations. What Quality Leadership means Quality leadership has been defined differently by various scholars. However, they all concur at one instance that the qualities, behaviours, and traits of a leader define the kind of leadership prevailing in an organisation. When the leader has good leadership qualities, traits, and behaviours, the leadership is termed as effective or quality leadership because it leads to integrity and employee job satisfaction.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research provides that leadership theories and total quality management play an integral role in enhancing organisational performance and increased employee job satisfaction in an organization. Total quality management promotes quality leadership unlike traditional organisations, whose leadership focus is based on internal systems only. Therefore, quality leadership is characterised by the following: strategic leadership that encourages integration of internal systems with external environment; visionary leadership where employees share a common vision and goals; employee motivation through designed rewarding systems for stakeholders to promote creativity and innovation; and empowerment and teamwork by having all the employees takes active roles in leadership. These characteristics differentiate a total quality management organization, practicing quality leadership, from a traditional organisation that is conservative. Quality leadership is measured by the leadership style organisational leaders decide to embrace in leading their organizations. Research provides that transformational leadership style is the most related leadership style to quality leadership. It entails searching for opportunities to motivate the employees by satisfying their basic needs and assigning them responsibilities in the work process. This has a direct relationship with leadership quality because transformational leaders are capable of developing good rapport or effective communication with employees to strengthen values, and inspire a vision that is focused on quality. In addition, transformational leaders build trust, reduce fear, create awareness for change and develop a culture to support the change, and initiate new tactics to solve organisational complexity (Luria, 2008). This encourages quality improvement across all the systems and departments in the organisation. Deming (2000) denotes that â€Å"the job of management is not supervision, but rather l eadership† (p. 54). This implies that transformational leadership requires the managers to be leaders so that they can deliver quality leadership. In fact, quality leadership involves a predominance of quality principles that form â€Å"a basis for guiding, empowering and supporting the constant pursuit of excellence by the employees throughout the organisation† (Feigenbaum, 2007, p 38). Therefore, emphasis is put on the leader to create an environment of trust, sincerity, and truthful communication to encourage the development of the individual quality improvement workforce.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leadership in Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, in quality leadership, the leader ensures that there is a continual system improvement so that every employee does a better job with greater satisfaction. Deming (2000) argues that a transformational leader is not a judge, but rather a colleague leading and guiding employees on a daily basis, and learning from them and with them. As a result quality leadership is built on the leadership principles provided above with integrity, people focus, and empowerment on the lead. Those principles, including others, must be applied in a coordinated manner in any company that anticipates achieving quality management. This participatory approach to leadership, whereby, employees throughout the organisation are empowered and encouraged to become leaders is essential because quality becomes the responsibility of everyone in the organisation and not a few individuals. Some people may think that by so doing, the roles of the CEO would be diminished. However, this might not be true because empowerment adds the CEOs more responsibilities to create an environment for planning at lower levels. Actually, employee empowerment means that the workforce is encouraged and motivated to improve on the quality of the ser vices it provides to the organisation and the society. Empowered employees feel comfortable when making decisions because they trust and believe that their company is committed to their development. However, this can only be achieved through team management skills that leaders must embrace. Therefore, quality leadership prevails in an organisation when the organisation is a leader-based, and the leadership capacity is entrenched throughout the organisation (Winder and Draeger, 2006). A leader-based organization enables employees to look at senior leaders as members or colleagues and not individuals in charge of others. Therefore, leaders who invest in empowering employees to be leaders portray quality management and leadership skills. The most integral part in quality leadership is knowledge sharing among team members, mentoring, instructing others, and facilitating group processes. Moreover, it entails promoting openness in communication, allocating resources effectively, providing information, and monitoring group performance (Deming, 2000).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the qualities a leader must portray to lead an organisation toward total quality management culture include motivation, honesty and integrity, self confidence, and drive. Other qualities include cognitive ability, charisma, and business knowledge. Despite this, integrity and honesty are the most important traits in leadership and they form a basis for quality leadership depends on. Leadership Quality Criteria The most widely used leadership quality criteria is criteria for performance excellence developed by Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. This criterion divides leadership into categories. For instance, the first category focuses on the ways in which leaders provide guidance, communicate and encourage organizational performance, and offer leadership services. The criteria also support the idea that visionary leadership is an important value and concept in an organisation (Baldrige National Quality Program, 2007). Thus, effective leaders put in place systems, whic h give directions to employees, set realistic goals for employees, develop clear vision, and ensure that the organization attains performance excellence. Quality leadership requires senior leaders to play the role of inspiring, motivating, and encouraging the entire team of employees to contribute positively to organisational development through innovation. Therefore, according to Baldrige National Quality Program (2007), â€Å"as role models, the leaders can underpin ethics, values, and expectations while building leadership, commitment and initiative throughout the organisation† (p. 1). In summary, the performance excellence criterion provides that effective leadership system entails the establishment of mechanisms to enable the leader to carry out personal examination, receive feedback and improve the organisational sustainability. Conclusion In summary, quality leadership involves approaches that tend toward leadership traits such as empowerment, vision, strategic viewpoi nt, people focus, and involvement of various disciplines. Moreover, integrity and an awareness of social responsibility form the foundation of quality leadership and management (Winder Draeger, 2006). Quality leadership recognizes the value of change. Therefore, leaders anticipate change and respond to it accordingly to allow the organisation to continue growing by exploring new ideas (Deming, 2000). Moreover, quality leadership involves the application of leadership strategies that encourage collaboration and teamwork, humility and forbearance, and strategic planning. Finally, quality leadership plays an important role in promoting total quality management in an organisation. References Baldrige National Quality Program. (2007). Leadership Criteria for performance excellence. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/ Deming, W.E. (2000). Out of the Crisis. New York: MIT Press. Feigenbaum, A.V. (2007). The international growth of quality. Quality Progress, 40(2), 36-40. Luria, G. (2008) . Controlling for quality: Climate, leadership and behavior. Quality Management Journal, 15 (1), 27-40. Winder, R. E Draeger, J. (2006). Resilient leadership: integrating stability and agility in the five dimension leadership model. ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement, 4(2), 1-14.

Business Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Enterprise - Essay Example Handling different team members based on their competencies and individual capabilities is a challenging task for a production manager. The best way to handle such situation is only possible through effective communication and open communication. To ensure effectiveness of any communication, the manager has to ensure open-communication in all times. Every product process should go through a planning and design phase. At this stage every detail should be looked up on related to production. Strategy and Proof-of-concept should be aligned at this stage; hence the planning and design stage is the most crucial stage of a production process. Slightest negligence and overlook may lead to financial and reputational loses. A production manager plays a key role in the production process and is responsible and accountable for production, and the team responsible for production. Certain characteristics are must for a production manager. Insight and innovative, fairness, open communication, abili ty to accept and face challenges, risk taking capabilities, highest degree of value for the organization followed by value for team and team members are special attributes of a production manager.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example This study deals with the in-depth analysis of a variety of international environmental influences and impact of uncertainties on international business. This paper includes critical analysis of the motivating factors for MNEs to invest in abroad, critical arguments on protectionism, international trade and its benefits for a country, contribution of MNEs and markets in international trade and investment, conflicts between interest of MNEs and host nations. These are main constituent of the paper and analysis on discussion will be made on these areas of international business. MNEs and why the invest abroad Multinational Enterprises are the large business entity that has business activities or registered in multiple countries as business entity in more than one country. The international traders are not multinational entrepreneurs because the main criteria to categorise as MNE is that a firm need to both produce and sell goods and services in more than one country whereas internation al traders generally involved in export and import of goods and services. Multinational enterprises are the main constituents of worldwide globalization. Emerging trend of internalisation of leading domestic business businesses of many countries lead to more foreign direct investment. Internationalisation of firm was initiated by leading businesses of developed countries and they started diversifying into emerging countries in search of more resources and potential markets. Leading businesses of many countries are willing to invest to in foreign markets after saturated penetration in the foreign markets. There are several motivations behind foreign direct investment by the businesses. These motives can be categorised as traditional motivations and emerging motivations. Traditional motivations include the forces that has been drove the leading business to divest into foreign markets. There are four major traditional motives behind foreign direct investment by the companies. Market se eking Business always finds potential market to enjoy demand of their product and services. Therefore, once a business saturated in a particular region or a domestic country then it started finding potential market in the foreign countries. This is one of the most efficient strategies of business expansion as well as sustains increasing demand of product and services. Another reason of market seeking may be that specific product or services requires specific markets for getting appropriate demand or value of the product. Many companies seek foreign markets in this motive. Resource seeking Resource is next most important factor for a business. All businesses try to find out bets resources in low cost and this is the reasons behind major diversifications of the leading firms of developed markets. FDI helps the company to identify and develop production unit in the foreign markets with major availability of resources. Major seeking resources are raw material for product companies and m anpower for service based companies. Strategic asset seeking Another important motive of companies behind foreign investment is to invest in potential foreign businesses to build strategic assets. This may involve in partnership establishment with the existing foreign firms. This is one of t5he most efficient and popular diversification strategy of MNCs. Efficiency seeking Multinational corporations always want to reorganize or restructure their asset holding in overseas markets. The motive behinds this is to efficiently respond to macroeconomic changes that have

Dangerous Driving Habits Essay Example for Free

Dangerous Driving Habits Essay Driving a car is a lot of fun and the danger is often overlooked by many. With the dangers rarely being taken into consideration the effects are noticed and felt on a daily basis in our society. People fail to realize that driving requires all five senses. Many people are too confident, some preoccupied, and the most dangerous of all is not being in the right state of mind. Many of today’s drivers have dangerous habits some good and some bad in the end they are all dangerous habits that affect us all. Many of us begin driving very cautiously and soon feel invulnerable on the street. People tend to feel as if they know it all and take their luck for granted while endangering the lives of others. Cars now a day can go much faster than the law permits us to go. For example my father has a Chevrolet Corvette with a heavy foot, he says â€Å"I am the kind of the road† and feels a sense of enjoyment when he is going faster than everyone else. His excuse is never being in a car accident. My sister on the other uses her knee while driving in the city and on the highway! Let’s just say for a second a tire blows and while driving with her knee she does not have enough time to grab the wheel causing her to lose control ending in a major car accident. Maybe the worst of all is convincing yourself a seat belt is not necessary simply because you are too good of a driver. I felt as if I knew it all and there was no need for a seat belt needless to say it saved my life. Everyday distractions take away a lot from a driver and his/her ability to drive well. Cell phones are yet another horrible habit while driving from talking to text messaging. For instance I was on my way to school when the car in front of me slammed on his/her brakes as did I and when looking into my rearview mirror hoping to see if the car behind was going to be able to stop in time all I saw was a girl with both hands on her phone text messaging someone, I know this because she later confessed it to me. Another women putting on makeup while driving, take my mother for example her philosophy is why do my makeup in the house when it can be done in the car to save time. What she doesn’t realize is every time she looks in the mirror to see how her lipstick is coming out she is putting herself in a very dangerous situation. Yet another is music. Just about everyone listens to the radio as loud as can be while driving. Take for instance and young man ready to change lanes with a car in his blind spot and with his new stereo full blast he doesn’t hear the horn from the car he just cut off causing a potentially fatal accident. From cell phones, makeup, and a radio full blast a driver can never be in the fully focused on the road. Yet worst of all a person getting behind the wheel when he/she is not capable of driving. Drinking and driving is by far the worst habit a person can have while driving. Drunk drivers are a menace at every hour of the day, but at night their visibility is cut in half making the situation much worse than it already is. Imagine a young man on his way home from a club in the early morning hours while there is a car broken down unable to pull over, because he is impaired he will not be able to react quick enough to avoid the disabled vehicle. Another horrible habit is getting behind the wheel when you are not rested. Some people do not have a choice as their schedule does not allow them time to sleep enough. Take my father for example on his way home one day with stop and go traffic he dosed off for a second and rear ended the person in front of him. He had no choice to drive but there are things he could have done to wake himself up such as drinking a cup of coffee or eating something before commuting. Driving is dangerous enough and to top it off we all make it worse with our dangerous driving habits. We all need to make better decisions as when to drive, how to drive and when not to drive. It takes a lot of effort to change our driving habits on the road and it will not happen without plenty of discipline and dedication. I have only listed a few yet important habits developed by drivers. If we are driving then we are old enough to know right from wrong and need to make smarter decisions while driving.

Comparison of Flood Stories Essays -- essays papers

Comparison of Flood Stories There have been numerous flood stories identified from ancient sources throughout the world. The Bible and the Koran both have flood stories that are similar but also share differences. The Epic of Gilgamesh also has a flood myth that is contrary to other flood accounts. Even though these stories are all dissimilar they all start because of the faults of man. The notion of the flood comes from a varied source in each story. In the Koran it was Noah who asked God to flood the Earth because of man’s sins while in the Bible, God called down upon Noah and told him of the plan to flood the Earth and destroy all that was upon it because of man’s wickedness. In Gilgamesh the flood comes to Utnapishtim in a dream. Utnapishtim is told that the world will be destroyed because of man’s sins. The actual boats contrasted each other in the tales. In Gilgamesh the arc was around six stories high and was of a square shape. The arc in the Bible was only around three stories high and of a rectangular shape. The Koran does not tell much about the boat but it do...

Feinberg

Feinberg’s Theory of Freedom and Rights The exact meaning of â€Å"freedom† is often misunderstood due to the many meanings the word has taken on. When a man was labeled â€Å"free† decades ago, it was to distinguish if you were simply talking about his legal rights or the characteristics his status. If someone tells you now-a-days that they are â€Å"free† it now poses the problem of not knowing exactly what they are free from. Is the man free from debt, from his country’s government or from his sins? We will not know until more information is given to us.We just know he is free from something that was constraining. Feinberg draws a tie between constraints and desires which lead him to the conclusion that freedom is unsatisfied when constrains stand in the way of our desires. When this happens, our reaction is frustration, which is considered unhappiness. With that idea, having freedom would conclude that the person was considered happy. This may s eem far- fetched but drawn up thoroughly by Feinberg. The idea of being happy when having freedom is board.We need to figure out what kind of freedom is being awarded. There is positive and negative freedom. But watch out, the names are misleading. Positive doesn’t always mean â€Å"great† or â€Å"pleasant† in this case and negative freedom doesn’t necessarily meaning â€Å"awful† or â€Å"appalling. † On top of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† constraints being factors in the definition of a person’s freedom, we also have to look at the source of the constraint. It can either be external or internal meaning the source is coming from an outside source or within you.A great definition was stated in Feinberg’s article â€Å"If the distinction between internal and external is to be put to political use, perhaps the simplest way of making it is by means of merely spatial criterion: external constraints are those that come from outside a person’s body-cum-mind, and all other constraints. † (p. 13) With the idea of external and internal constraints brought into the picture, we now have a pool of constraints to choose from. Positive external, negative internal are just a few examples.Positive now means â€Å"addition or adding something on,† whereas negative means â€Å"taking away or lack of. † An example of an internal positive constraint would be a headache whereas an external positive constraint would be a lock door. An example of an internal negative constraint would be ignorance whereas an external negative constraint would be a lack of money. Once we can see that there are different types of constraints, there is no real reason to speak of the two different types of freedom.The reason there is no longer a need to discriminate is that if nothing prevents me from doing something, I am free to do something conversely, I am free to do something then nothing preven ts me from doing something. Feinberg’s idea of â€Å"human rights† was they were sometimes understood to be ideal rights, sometimes conscientious rights and sometimes both. They are considered moral rights due to the fact that each person held them equally, unconditionally. He doesn’t suggest the rights are moral by definition and leaves that up for argument but does admit that there is a possibility that human rights don’t even exists.

Psychoeducational Groups, the Best Option for Teen Mom

PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL GROUPS:THE BEST OPTIONS FOR TEEN MOMS. English 215 November 24,2012 Teen pregnancy has been a problem in the United States for years. Although rates have dropped since the 1990’s, teen pregnancy rates in the United States are still higher than other western societies. Teenage pregnancy is accompanied with many negative consequences such as shortened educational experience, diminished employment, larger family size, increased risk of single- parent and poverty. Teen mothers struggle on a daily basis, if you are one of them you should visit a psychoeducational group.Teen mothers should attend psychoeducational groups because they can teach teen moms parenting skills, social skills, and provide them with the support they need in order to maintain a healthy life style. The group can also include teenage fathers. Psychoeducational groups will work best for this population because it will create a safe place where teenagers can learn parenting skills and have the s upport of one another. Since each teen is going through the same situation, they will be able to relate to one another and feel understood.While there are negative consequences for the mother, the infant is also at risk by being born to a teenage mother. One of the most common occurrences is low birth weight. Low birth weight increases the mortality rate. It also has long-term effects such as developmental and cognitive delays. Low birth weight can be caused by the mother’s lack of prenatal care, poor diet and stress. Prior to becoming pregnant, the teen’s bodies are not prepared for the change. Pregnancy takes a toll on the body that most teens are not ready for. When their body is not ready, the baby can witness the negative effects.The teens need to adopt healthier lifestyles once they become pregnant. They group will provide information about the importance of a healthy diet. They will also be encouraged to seek prenatal care and attend the necessary appointments. By teaching the girls the importance of health care, they will be able to carry it over to their child’s life. The group is clearly for pregnant teens and for teen mothers since they will teach them to take care of themselves before they give birth, that way when they have the baby the teenagers will be able to take ood care of the kids. Lacking these skills is no surprise because the teens were not prepared to become mothers and have a lack of knowledge about child development. In addition, it is important that teens learn parenting skills. The teens need to be taught child care skills in order to better their life and the life of their child. Throughout life, the infant will depend on the parent for the basic needs of life. If the parent is not able to provide, the child will suffer. The group provides them with the support they need to implement the skills.The types of skills the girls can learn are†¦ Also, teenage mothers are less likely to be responsive to their chi ld, less positive child rearing attitudes, more likely to abuse their children. Learning these skills can decrease this. The stress that comes along with teen parenting is inevitable. It can stem from many aspects of their life such as school, financial responsibilities, and providing a safe environment for their child. Stress can be linked to an increase in psychological problems for the mother and increased birth complications.Teenage mothers are more prone to developing depression. However, receiving social support can decrease the amount of stress the teen experiences. When the amount of stress is decreases, the risk of birth complications also lowers. It also decreases depressive symptoms post birth. Many teen mothers lack the support they need when they are going through this stage of life. While learning new skills, the teens are also able to gain a new support system. We can define support as the presences of stable human relationships.The mothers need support because most o f them, not all, come from a low socioeconomic status; minority status, urban living, and having single parent. Having a stable human relationship can be hard to find living under these conditions. Therefore, the group is able to provide the mothers with the support they need in order to overcome the obstacles of teen pregnancy. During the teenage years, individuals go through many developmental changes such as identity development, emerging independence, and developing intimate relationships with others.When adding a baby to the equation, the situation only becomes harder and it puts stress on the development of the teenager. Much of their development is put on hold because of the baby and the need to jump into the mother role when they are not prepared. Therefore, they do not learn how to develop intimate relationships with their peers. In addition to the educational aspect of the group; it can also provide a social network for the girls. They are able to interact with others and learn how to develop intimate relationships.Since they are all struggling with the same issue, they will find it easier to relate to one another. The mother’s education level is the main predictor of the baby’s life outcome. If the mother does not receive a high school diploma, the chances of living in poverty are increased. The group can educate mothers on alternative ways to obtain a high school diploma. There are many options the teens can use to obtain a high school diploma. One alternative is obtaining a G. E. D. There are also program that allow teens to finish high school in their home.The most important thing the group can do is encourage the mothers to finish high school and teach them the negative consequences of not finishing high school. Obtaining a well-paying job will be difficult without a high school diploma. The girls will also not be able to continue their education without a high school diploma. Living in poverty can lead to a lack of many necessitie s of life such as health care. Not having health care can put the baby at risk because they are not receiving routine check-ups.If they are not able to afford health care, there are many social services that can make health care accessible to them that they may not know about. Teens need to be educated on the methods available in order to prevent having more children. Many teenagers do not use any type of contraceptive during their first sexual experience. The group can offer the girls education about contraceptives and the correct way to use them. Many sexual education courses in the United States promote abstinence. While that would be the desirable result for all teens, it is not always the case.There are many forms of contraceptives that can be readily available to the girls if they continue to be sexually active. It is important to educate them on this topic so they can avoid having another child. The group offers a neutral environment in which they girls can ask any question t hey want and offer them information about different types of contraceptives. When helping teenage mothers overcome their struggles, they need to be taught certain skills in order to survive. The psychoeducational group will provide them with the resources they need.Teenagers will benefit from a group setting over an individual setting. For one, they will be able to engage with other girls who are going through the same thing and they can see that they are not alone. In the individual setting, teenagers may feel singled out or attacked. It can be hard for them to relate to someone who is not in the same situation as them. Also, since teen mothers do not have the time to socialize and develop social skills, the group setting offers them a chance to develop the social skills needed. They will have an interactive experience for the purpose of learning new skills.While interacting with other people, they will be exposed to new ideas and viewpoints about their situation. Learning how to s ocialize with others will improve their relationships at home. It can also improve their self-esteem. While learning from the other girls, they can also teach them the strategies they have used. The focus of psychoeducational groups is preventing behaviors and teaching new skills. Therefore, it is not therapy based. This can be beneficial when working with teenagers because therapy can be viewed as a negative thing.For some cultures, seeking therapy may even be out of the question. If the group is based on developing skills, it takes away from the therapy aspect. Since many of the teen mothers are not ready for motherhood, the group can provide them with the necessary parenting skills they will need to know. By teaching them parenting skills, the girls can be more confident in their parenting abilities. When they know how to appropriately handle a situation, they are less likely to take it out on their children. Also, keeping their stress at a low level will have positive benefits f or the parent-child relationship.The benefits of a psychoeducational group for teen pregnancy are evident. At this age, teens are experiencing many developmental changes and raising a child at the same time can be overwhelming. Since teen pregnancy is becoming more common, it is inevitable that counselors working with adolescences or families will encounter this topic. Once they are taught the right skills needed, they will feel more confident about being a parent. References: 1-Ambul Pediatr (2003). The parenting project for teen mothers: the impact of a nurturing curriculum on adolescent parenting skills and life hassles. ONLINE] Available at: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12974663. 2- Mobley, J, & Fort, S. D. (2007). Planning psycho-educational groups for school. Retrieved August 28,2007 from http://counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas07/Mobley. pdf. 3- Bethany Casarjian (2003). The youth project. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. lionheart. org/youth/youth_landing. 4- Valerie Burgess (2005). Improving Comfort About sex communication between parents and heir adolescents. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. hawaii. edu/hivandaids/Improving_Comfort_About_Sex_Communication_Between_Parents

U.S. Football Terms in Spanish

U.S. Football Terms in Spanish Everywhere in the Spanish-speaking world, fà ºtbol is that sport known in the United States as soccer. If you want to talk about what people in the U.S. mean when they say football, the term is usually fà ºtbol americano. U.S.-style football is perhaps the most popular U.S. spectator sport that hasnt exported well. So it shouldnt come as  a surprise that many of the key English terms for the sport, especially ones such as touchdown that dont have an equivalent in other games, have entered the Spanish lexicon unchanged. Others have been borrowed from other sports: Offside is fuera de juego, just as in soccer. And then there are a few calques as well, such as gol de campo for field goal. Glossary of Football Terms in Spanish Following are the Spanish translations of many common football terms as used by the National Football League, U.S. sports TV networks, Fundà ©u BBVA, and other sources. blitz - la cargablock - el bloqueo, la bloqueada, bloquearbye - el descanso, la fecha librecenter - el centrocheerleader - la cheerleader, la animadorachin strap - el barbuquejocleat - el taco de la botaEl pase pantalla clsico comienza con formacià ³n de carrera.clipping - el clipping, el bloqueo ilegal por atrscoach - el entrenadorcornerback - el esquinerodead ball - el balà ³n muertodefense - la defensadefensive end - el exterior defensivodown - el down, el intento, la oportunidaddrive - el drive, la serie ofensivaend zone - la zona de anotacià ³n, la zona final,  detrs de las diagonalesface mask - la mscara, la barrafield goal - el gol de campofirst/second/third/fourth and ten - primero/segundo/tercero/cuarto y diezfootball (the ball) - el balà ³n, el ovoidefootball (the game) - el fà ºtbol americanoformation - la formacià ³nfoul - la faltafullbac - corredor de poderfumble - el balà ³n libre, el balà ³n suelto, el balà ³n perdidogoal - el golgo alpost - el posteguard - el guardiahalfback - el corredor rpidohalftime - el intermedio, el descanso, entre tiemposhelmet - el cascohuddle - pelotà ³n, la pià ±ainterception - la intercepcià ³n, la interceptacià ³ninterference - la interferenciajersey - la camiseta, el jerseykickoff - la patada, el saqueline of scrimmage - la là ­nea de golpeo, là ­nea de ataqueleague - la ligalocker room - el vestuarioneutral zone - la zona neutraloffense - el ataqueoffside - fuera de juego, la posicià ³n adelantadaout of bounds - fuera de là ­mites, fuera del campoovertime - el suplementario, el tiempo extrapass (completed, incompleted) - el pase, el lanzamiento (completo, incompleto)penalty - la infraccià ³nplaying field - el campo, el terrenoplayoff - el partido de desempartepoint - el puntopoint after touchdown - el punto extra, el punto adicionalpossession - la posesià ³npreseason - la pretemporadapunt - el depeja, la patada de despeja, despejar, patear un despejepunter - el despejadorquarter - el quartoquarterback - el pasador, el lanzador, el mariscal de camporecord - el rà ©cordreferee - el rbitroregular season - la temporada regular, la campaà ±areturn - la devolucià ³n;, el retornoroughing - la rudezarun - la carrerasack - el sack, el placaje al lanzador, la capturasafety - el safety, la autoanotacià ³nshoulder pad - la hombrerasideline - la bandaslotback - el receptor libresnap - el snap, el saque, el centro, el intercambiostandings - la clasificacià ³n, la tabla de posicionessudden death - el muerte sà ºbitaSuper Bowl - el Super Bowl, el Sà ºper Tazà ³n, la Sà ºper Copatackle (action) - la parada, la atajada, la derribada, el placaje, la tacleada, el derribotackle (player) - el tackleteam - el equipotee - el base, el apoyo, el teethigh pad - la musleratight end - el receptor cerradotouchback - el touchbacktouchdown - el touchdown, la anotacià ³nturnover - la perdidas de balà ³nunsportsmanl ike conduct - conducta antideportivawide receiver - el receptor abiertowildcard - el equipo comodà ­n (a comodà ­n in playing cards is the joker)yard (unit of measurement) - la yardayellow flag - el paà ±uelo amarillo Sample Spanish Sentences About Football Una patada corta es un tipo especial de kickoff que se usa cuando el equipo ofensivo necesita recuperar el balà ³n para seguir atacando. (And onside kick is a special type of kickoff used when the offense needs to recover the ball in order to continue its drive.) La muerte sà ºbita consiste en que el primero que marque un gol, à ©se gana. (Sudden death means that the first to make a goal gains the victory.) Un pase de 19 yardas de Matt Ryan a Austin Hooper puso el marcador 14-0 en favor de los Falcons en el Super Bowl. (A 19-yard pass from Matt Ryan to Austin Hooper put the score 14-0 in favor of the Falcons in the Super Bowl.) El pase pantalla clsico comienza con formacià ³n de carrera. (The classing screen pass begins with a running formation.)

A History of Dentistry and Dental Care

A History of Dentistry and Dental Care By definition, dentistry is a branch of medicine that involves diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of any disease concern about teeth, oral cavity, and associated structures. Who Invented the Toothbrush? Natural bristle brushes were invented by the ancient Chinese who made toothbrushes with bristles from the necks of cold climate pigs. French dentists were the first Europeans to promote the use of toothbrushes in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. William Addis of Clerkenwald, England, created the first mass-produced toothbrush. The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth and many American Companies began to mass-produce toothbrushes after 1885. The Pro-phy-lac-tic brush made by the Florence Manufacturing Company of Massachusetts is one example of an early American made toothbrush. The Florence Manufacturing Company was also the first to sell toothbrushes packaged in boxes. In 1938, DuPont manufactured the first nylon bristle toothbrushes. Its hard to believe, but most Americans did not brush their teeth until Army soldiers brought their enforced habits of tooth brushing back home after  World War II. The first real electric toothbrush was produced in 1939 and developed in Switzerland. In 1960, Squibb marketed the first American electrical toothbrush in the United States called the Broxodent. General Electric introduced a rechargeable cordless toothbrush in 1961. Introduced in 1987, Interplak was the first rotary action electrical toothbrush for home use. History of Toothpaste Toothpaste was used as long ago as 500 BC in both China and India; however, modern toothpaste was developed in the 1800s. In 1824, a dentist named Peabody was the first person to add soap to toothpaste. John Harris first added chalk as an ingredient to toothpaste in the 1850s. In 1873, Colgate mass-produced the first toothpaste in a jar. In 1892, Dr. Washington Sheffield of Connecticut manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube. Sheffields toothpaste was called Dr. Sheffields Creme Dentifrice. In 1896, Colgate Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. Advancements in synthetic detergents made after WWII allowed for the replacement of the soap used in toothpaste with emulsifying agents such as Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Sodium Ricinoleate. A few years later, Colgate started to add fluoride to toothpaste. Dental Floss: An Ancient Invention Dental floss is an ancient invention. Researchers have found dental floss and toothpick grooves in the teeth of prehistoric humans. Levi Spear Parmly (1790-1859), a New Orleans dentist is credited as being the inventor of modern dental floss (or maybe the term re-inventor would be more accurate). Parmly promoted teeth flossing with a piece of silk thread in 1815. In 1882, the Codman and Shurtleft Company of Randolph, Massachusetts started to mass-produce unwaxed silk floss for commercial home use. The Johnson and Johnson Company of New Brunswick, New Jersey were the first to patent dental floss in 1898. Dr. Charles C. Bass developed nylon floss as a replacement for silk floss during WWII. Dr. Bass was also responsible for making teeth flossing an important part of dental hygiene. In 1872, Silas Noble and J. P. Cooley patented the first toothpick-manufacturing machine. Dental Fillings and False Teeth Cavities are holes in our teeth created by the wear, tear, and decay of tooth enamel. Dental cavities have been repaired or filled with a variety of materials including stone chips, turpentine resin, gum, and metals. Arculanus (Giovanni d Arcoli) was the first person to recommend gold-leaf fillings in 1848. False teeth date back as far as 700 BC. The Etruscans designed false teeth out of ivory and bone that were secured to the mouth by gold bridgework. The Debate about Mercury French dentists were the first to mix mercury with various other metals and plug the mixture into cavities in teeth. The first mixtures, developed in the early 1800s, had relatively little mercury in them and had to be heated to get the metals to bind. In 1819, a man named Bell in England developed an amalgam mix with much more mercury in it that bound the metals at room temperature. Taveau in France developed a similar mixture in 1826. In the Dentists Chair In 1848, Waldo Hanchett patented the dental chair. On January 26, 1875, George Green patented the first electric dental drill. Novocain: There is historical evidence that the ancient Chinese  used acupuncture  around 2700 BC to treat the pain associated with tooth decay. The first local anesthetic used in dentistry was cocaine, introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller (1857-1944) in 1884. Researchers soon began working on a non-addictive substitute for Cocaine, and as a result of German chemist, Alfred Einkorn introduced Novocain in 1905. Alfred Einkorn was researching an easy-to-use and safe local anesthesia to use on soldiers during wartime. He refined the chemical procaine until it was more effective, and named the new product Novocain. Novocain never became popular for military use; however, it did become popular as an  anesthetic among dentists. In 1846, Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, was the first dentist to use anesthesia  for tooth extraction.​ Orthodontics: Although teeth straightening and extraction to improve the alignment of remaining teeth has been practiced since early times, orthodontics as a science of its own did not really exist until the 1880s. The history of dental braces or the science of orthodontics is very complex. Many different inventors helped to create braces, as we know them today. In 1728, Pierre Fauchard published a book called the The Surgeon Dentist with an entire chapter on ways to straighten teeth. In 1957, the French dentist Bourdet wrote a book called The Dentists Art. It also had a chapter on tooth alignment and using appliances in the mouth. These books were the first important references to the new dental science of orthodontics. Historians claim that two different men deserve the title of being called The Father of Orthodontics. One man was Norman W. Kingsley, a dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor, who wrote his Treatise on Oral Deformities in 1880. What Kingsley wrote influenced the new dental science greatly. The second man who deserves credit was a dentist named J. N. Farrar who wrote two volumes entitled A Treatise on the Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Corrections. Farrar was very good at designing brace appliances, and he was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth. Edward H. Angle (1855-1930) devised the first simple classification system for malocclusions, which is still in use today. His classification system was a way for dentists to describe how crooked teeth are, what way teeth are pointing, and how teeth fit together. In 1901, Angle started the first school of orthodontics. In 1864, Dr. S.C. Barnum of New York invented the rubber dam. Eugene Solomon Talbots (1847-1924) was the first person to use X-rays for orthodontic diagnosis, and Calvin S. Case was the first person to use rubber elastics with braces. Invisalign Braces: They were invented by Zia Chishti, are transparent, removable, and moldable braces. Instead of one pair of braces that are constantly adjusted, a series of braces are worn in succession each created by a computer. Unlike regular braces, Invisalign can be removed for teeth cleaning. Zia Chishti, along with his business partner Kelsey Wirth, founded Align Technology in 1997 to develop and manufacture the braces. Invisalign braces were first made available to the public in May of 2000. The Future of Dentistry   The Future of Dentistry report was developed by a large group of experts in the dental profession. The report is intended to be a practical guide for the professions next generation. In an ABC News interview, Dr. Timothy Rose discussed: replacements for dental drills in development at the present time that use a very accurate spray of silica sand to actually cut and prepare teeth for filling and stimulating the jaws bone structure to spur new tooth growth. Nanotechnology: The newest thing in the industry is nanotechnology. The speed at which advances are being made in science has catapulted nanotechnology from its theoretical foundations straight into the real world. Dentistry also is facing a major revolution in the wake of this technology having already been targeted with novel nano-materials.

The Origin Of Islam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Origin Of Islam - Term Paper Example But, after the death of Muhammed, Allah’s peace be upon him, every revelation were inscribed by the believers on barks, stones, and the modern times writing paper in the hope of passing the teachings on to the subsequent generations. In 1935, the first English translation was attempted bringing more people into the faith. Body Based on the revelation of Allah, praise and glory is only due to Him, in the Qur’an, Islam as the religion of mankind was first taught by Allah, praise and glory is only due to Him, to Adam and Eve, Allah’s peace upon them, with the following words: â€Å"And if as is sure there comes to you guidance from Me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve† Sii: 38 (Ali, 1935). â€Å"But those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they shall be companions of the fire; they shall abide therein† Sii: 39 (Ali, 1935). This marked the beginning of Islam for mankind when men and women were sent down on the surface of the earth. This was after Adam and Eve fell for disobedience. Along the way, generations after generations, not the whole of mankind remembered to pass on the faith to their progenies. Then Abraham, Allah's peace upon him, was born to a family in Ur, Karbala, Iraq. "We gave him Isaac and Jacob: All (three) We guided: and before him, We guided Noah, and among his progeny, David, Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses, and Aaron: Thus do we reward those who do good: And Zachariya and John, and Jesus and Elias: All in the ranks of the righteous: And Ismail and Elisha, and Jonas and Lot; and to all we gave favour above the nations" Sii: 84-86 (Ali, 1935). At about the age of maturity, after a long search for whom to worship, Abraham, Allah's peace upon him, received a revelation from Allah, glory to Him: "And who turns away from the religion of Abraham but such as debase their souls with folly Him We chose and rendered pure in this world: and he will be in the hereafter in the ranks of the righteous" Sii: 130 (Ali, 1935). "Behold! His Lord said to him: 'Bow (thy will to me):' He said: I bow (my will) to the Lord and Cherisher of the Universe" Sii: 131(Ali, 1935). "And this was the legacy that Abraham left to his sons, and so did Jacob; 'Oh my sons! God hath chosen the faith for you; then die not except in the Faith of Islam" Sii: 132 (Ali, 1935). The above quotations are the faithful English translation in 1935 of the Arabic Qur'an. The Arabic version was revealed during the time when people were left groping in the dark after about 500 years when Jesus the son of Mary left earth. This exact revelation marked the reappearance of Islam. This was revealed to the prophet Muhammed s.a.w. in 500 A.D.Subsequently, the following revelations confirmed Abraham's leadership of Islam as the religion reappeared guided by Allah s.w.a.: "He said: 'I will make thee an Imam to the nations.' He pleaded: 'And also (Imams) from my offspring!' He answered: 'but My promise is not within the reach of evil-doers.' Sii: 124 (Ali, 1935). Conclusion Islam as a religion of Muslims dates back to the time of the prophets Adam and Eve, Allah's peace upon them, which prominently reappeared during Abraham's civilization unto his progeny. Reference Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. 1935. Qur'an. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Arabia.

Paper Topic in the direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper Topic in the direction - Essay Example 6 years later, he developed a document that would abolish slavery Northwest (Jefferson,  12). He sticks to the decision of emancipating slaves who would be within the process of democracy. Abolition will be pushed until the owners of slave agree to free the human property in a wide spectrum of emancipation. Jefferson thought that the act was not democratic and was against the principles and rules of American Revolution for the nation to enact the abolition issue or for planters to let the slaves go. Although Jefferson continued advocating for abolition of slavery, the reality behind slavery was that it was becoming entrenched in the American system (Jefferson,  34). The population of slaves on Virginia increases tremendously from a figure of 292627 slaves in 1790s to 470000 in 1830s. Jefferson thought that the slave trade abolition would weaken the issue of slavery and increase its ultimate. Instead, the issue of slavery became more vast and profitable. Trying to eradicate the Vi rginia support for slavery, Jefferson discouraged crop cultivation that are labor intensive such as tobacco, and encouraged the product of less labor-intensive crops such as wine grapes, sugar maples, grained rice, and wheat. In 1800s, the most valuable commodity in Virginia was mainly slaves. His stance in ending the issue of slavery did not change. From mid 1770s until he died, Jefferson advocated a similar plan to gradually emancipate. First, the issue of transatlantic slave would be removed; secondly, the lawn owners would upgrade the violent features of slavery by improving the living conditions and moderating the punishment for the slaves. Thirdly, those born under the slavery regime would set free following abolition. Like the current leaders, Jefferson supported the removal of freed slaves that was present in US. His unintended effect on the plan was the objective of removing the issue